We tend to view Mohács as a single lost battle, but in reality, it was the disparities in resources and state organization, developing over decades, that ultimately determined Hungary’s fate. By the summer of 1526, the balance of power had shifted so drastically in favor of the Ottoman Empire that defeat had become almost inevitable. Mohács was not a one-time historical accident, but the outcome of long-term economic, military, and logistical processes. In terms of resources, the two sides were following fundamentally different trajectories of development, and it is this divergence that ultimately determined Hungary’s destiny.
“More was lost at Mohács!”— as the old Hungarian saying goes in times of hardship. But how much was actually lost there? Is Mohács truly the source of all our problems? The search for a primordial catastrophe has been a centuries-old tradition in Hungarian public thought.
The outbreak of the latest Iranian War on February 28 is far more significant and dangerous than the 2025 Twelve-Day War. The stakes have been raised considerably: the United States has been directly involved from the outset, Iran’s head of state has been killed, and there is an explicit attempt to overthrow the regime established by the Islamic Revolution forty-six years ago.
Europe’s current crisis can no longer be explained solely in economic or migratory terms. What began as a pragmatic decision to sustain economic productivity has evolved into a profound demographic, cultural, and spiritual transformation that threatens historical continuity. An aging, secularized, and fragmented continent appears to have lost confidence in itself. Declining birth rates, large-scale immigration from predominantly Muslim-majority societies, and the erosion of Europe’s Judeo-Christian identity are not isolated phenomena but symptoms of a deeper existential crisis.
With the Trump administration’s 2025 “reciprocal tariff” program under legal attack, its trade team has signaled it will immediately seek alternative legal grounds if the Supreme Court invalidates the use of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA).
The relationship between the ECHR and the CRPD shows a growing convergence in the protection of the rights of persons with disabilities. While not formally bound by the CRPD the ECtHR in some cases refers to it in its judgements, emphasizing the need for procedural accommodations to comply with the requirements enshrined in Article 6 of the ECHR. Landmark cases, such as Stanev v. Bulgaria (2012) highlight the Court’s emphasis on legal capacity and meaningful participation contributing to a coherent human rights framework in Europe.
In July 2024, Viktor Orbán's audacious gamble paid off. The newly formed Patriots for Europe group vaulted to become the third-largest force in the European Parliament, overtaking both the Liberals and the Conservatives. This wasn't just a reshuffling of seats; it was a strategic realignment of the European right, demonstrating that medium-sized states can reshape the political landscape when traditional alliance structures fail to serve their interests. But can this disruptive coalition model deliver tangible results, or is it destined to remain a protest movement on the margins?
In line with the European Union’s push for a unified energy market, Member States are increasingly required to ensure access to interoperable metering data. Energy consumption data must flow seamlessly between consumers, energy companies and digital service providers, forming the cornerstone of demand-response services and fair competition in the common digital energy market.
The legalization of cannabis remains one of the most debated public health policies of the 21st century. As more U.S. states and several European countries reconsider their legal frameworks, the long-term societal, psychological, and economic impacts of these shifts demand careful evaluation.
How can the behavior of autonomous weapons be trained, guided and ultimately constrained? Predictability and controllability are key when it comes to the battlefield, but is it given without human oversight?
Turkey never fully stands still, even in the quietest hour as the last ferry crosses the Bosphorus at midnight, the ground beneath shifts. Millimeter by millimeter, year by year, the land slides, locks, and releases. Earthquakes are not interruptions but part of its rhythm that is sometimes subtle, usually violent, but always present, shaping life above and below.
The war in Ukraine and renewed discussions about nuclear weapons have brought European nuclear deterrence back into focus. For many years, Europeans viewed nuclear weapons as Cold War relics, replaced by diplomacy, cooperation, and integration. Today, however, deterrence is again seen as a key element in maintaining peace and must be considered in military, as well as in environmental and sustainability terms.
While stimulant medications are frequently successful in attenuating core ADHD symptoms such as impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention, they are also associated with a substantial adverse effects.
Since September 2025, the United States has significantly expanded its use of trade measures under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, alongside the formal implementation of elements of the new EU–U.S. trade deal. The Department of Commerce also initiated several national security-related tariff investigations into a broad swath of industrial and medical products, while regulatory notices set up procedures to widen existing tariffs. Concurrently, U.S. authorities announced tariff schedule changes to fulfill the recent U.S.–EU deal, cutting duties on many European exports. These developments occur against a backdrop of high-stakes litigation over executive tariff authority, raising important questions of constitutional and statutory power.
The Sorb, Danish, Frisian, and Roma minorities, whose presence predates the modern German state, are among the indigenous minorities protected by Germany’s Basic Law (Grundgesetz or GG). Minority rights are protected by fundamental constitutional principles, states(Länder) constitutions, and consistent judicial interpretation, despite the Grundgesetz containing no explicit minority-rights clause.
Political battles between Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and “Brussels” are nothing new. Since the early 2010’s, Hungary’s right wing government faced backlash from EU institutions on issues like the adoption of Hungary’s new Fundamental Law and later amendments, or around the passing of new media laws.
When Linz launched the Ars Electronica Festival in 1979, the city was searching for a new identity. Heavy industry was collapsing, the steel crisis hit hard, and local leaders needed an alternative vision. What began as a bold experiment - inviting pioneers of digital art and technology to Upper Austria - has since grown into a global ecosystem of media art, attracting universities, companies, NGOs, and thousands of visitors every year.
What does it mean to be a “Beauty with Brains”? It is a phrase we often used to describe women who defy long-standing stereotypes. For centuries, women were seen as weaker and given fewer opportunities.
Hungary and Italy, while both having presidential systems, have unique mechanism regarding a premature end of a presidential term. In both, the head of state has mainly ceremonial powers, but the expiry of their term is defined by strict constitutional and legal standards. This examination centers on the reasons, the procedure, and the legal effects of a resignation, underlining the structural congruence and the doctrinal inconsistencies between the two systems.
Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of China, is in a unique geographical, demographic, and economic position. Despite its tropical climate with frequent storms, it has become one of the most densely populated cities in the world. It was a trading hub during the British colonial era and later evolved into a financial hub for Asia. But how does it handle storms?
The waiter moves quickly through the crowd, balancing a round metal tray that glitters in the sunlight. On it, tulip-shaped glasses clink against each other, all filled with deep red tea, hot enough to fog the glass. It could be a ferry crossing the Bosphorus, a teahouse in Anatolia, or a bazaar in Istanbul, to sip a glass of çay is folded into the rhythm of Turkish life itself.
In countries with parliamentary systems, the heads of state are often seen as having mainly ceremonial roles. Despite this, they have important duties related to forming the government, such as appointing the Prime Minister and other ministers. While these responsibilities are mostly formal, they can impact how the government is put together and how stable it is.
Like most universities in the United States, Quinnipiac University maintains an endowment, typically managed by professional investment firms. However, Quinnipiac has chosen to allocate a small portion of its endowment to a Student-Managed Fund, giving students the opportunity to gain hands-on experience managing real assets in a real-world investment environment.
Hungary’s experience as a small EU member state invites comparison with Switzerland’s unique approach to engaging the Union from the outside. Although not an EU member, Switzerland has leveraged bilateral agreements, regulatory alignment, and strategic diplomacy to exert meaningful influence, offering potential lessons for member states navigating multilateral governance from a position of relative size and power.
The future of digital markets is being shaped in Europe right now. The EU's new digital rules are revolutionizing how tech giants operate. The cornerstone of these rules is The Digital Markets Act (DMA) which serves as the legal framework for the first court cases against Meta, Google, and Apple.
As Hungary seeks to strengthen its position in the global space sector, the idea of adopting a national space law is gaining traction. Legal and practical considerations are prompting lawmakers to explore a dedicated legislative framework that could support the country’s long-term space development and innovation efforts.
Some thoughts on assessment from a former head teacher and head of England’s national testing agency and regulatory body for school examinations, and someone who – like the rest of the world – has often been assessed.
Some thoughts on assessment from a former head teacher and head of England’s national testing agency and regulatory body for school examinations, and someone who – like the rest of the world – has often been assessed
Tokenization is transforming the real estate industry by converting physical assets into digital tokens. This process increases liquidity and accessibility for investors worldwide.
The radical change of our surrounding social and technical environment has greatly affected our use of language, reading habits, and schools. It forces us to reconsider certain claims regarding education for our youngest generation, the Alphas, currently growing up in classrooms. This reconsideration can be enriched by three arguments rooted in the classical understanding of education, each offering insights to help prepare schools for the challenges of the future.
Located in the heart of the Spanish capital, Lavapiés is one of the oldest parts of Madrid and defined by picturesque buildings filled with countless restaurants, bars and small businesses.
Switzerland’s relationship with the EU is based on bilateral agreements, ensuring economic integration while preserving sovereignty. Although this flexible model offers advantages, it faces growing pressure due to legal uncertainties and EU demands for deeper institutional ties. The future of Swiss-EU relations depends on balancing autonomy with economic and political realities.
Sport psychology is a constantly evolving discipline that increasingly embraces an interdisciplinary approach to support athletes’ holistic development and provide mental and emotional guidance.
At noon April 28th Spain went dark. Not only did the country experience a country-wide blackout, within an hour internet and telephone services were also completely cut off, further cutting the Spanish people off from the world. Spain, however, was not alone: Portugal, as well as parts of France and Italy, also faced substantial blackouts. The social consequences of the blackout were as damaging as the practical surprise and bewilderment quickly turned to chaos and panic. Streets and traffic were engulfed in chaos and travel was paralyzed. Thousands of questions were asked, but none were answered.
In politics, support is everything. But how can a party gain new voters when they are strictly critiqued by the media, labelled a threat to democracy, and excluded by all other political parties? Despite these hurdles, Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) became the second largest party in the recent German elections, doubling their support in only 4 years. How did AfD achieve this, and what factors contributed to their success?
Since 2015, the migration crisis has remained one of Europe’s most pressing challenges, sparking intense debate and diverging policy responses across the continent. While a few countries, such as Hungary, swiftly adopted a closed-border approach, most European nations initially embraced an open-door policy, driven by principles of solidarity, inclusion, and humanitarian responsibility. This divide in strategy has shaped political discourse, influenced public opinion, and continued to redefine Europe’s approach to migration.
Following the election of President Donald Trump, a seismic shift has taken shape in American foreign policy—from its stance on the war in Ukraine, relations with Russia, and approach toward Europe and the European Union. The result has been a dramatic acceleration in global geopolitical change, unfolding at a supersonic pace.
Austria’s Weltraumgesetz (Austrian Outer Space Act) was introduced in 2011 to bring Austria’s space industry within international regulations and regulate the industry’s rapid growth. As a backbone of space sovereignty, the Act regulates space activities, establishes a National Registry and establishes authorization criteria of space activities. It also requires liability insurance for commercial space operators.
It is easy, and necessary, to critique much of what happens in schools and universities today. Far more difficult is the task of defining education in positive terms.
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