The war in Ukraine and renewed discussions about nuclear weapons have brought European nuclear deterrence back into focus. For many years, Europeans viewed nuclear weapons as Cold War relics, replaced by diplomacy, cooperation, and integration. Today, however, deterrence is again seen as a key element in maintaining peace and must be considered in military, as well as in environmental and sustainability terms.
While stimulant medications are frequently successful in attenuating core ADHD symptoms such as impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention, they are also associated with a substantial adverse effects.
Since September 2025, the United States has significantly expanded its use of trade measures under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, alongside the formal implementation of elements of the new EU–U.S. trade deal. The Department of Commerce also initiated several national security-related tariff investigations into a broad swath of industrial and medical products, while regulatory notices set up procedures to widen existing tariffs. Concurrently, U.S. authorities announced tariff schedule changes to fulfill the recent U.S.–EU deal, cutting duties on many European exports. These developments occur against a backdrop of high-stakes litigation over executive tariff authority, raising important questions of constitutional and statutory power.
The Sorb, Danish, Frisian, and Roma minorities, whose presence predates the modern German state, are among the indigenous minorities protected by Germany’s Basic Law (Grundgesetz or GG). Minority rights are protected by fundamental constitutional principles, states(Länder) constitutions, and consistent judicial interpretation, despite the Grundgesetz containing no explicit minority-rights clause.
Political battles between Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and “Brussels” are nothing new. Since the early 2010’s, Hungary’s right wing government faced backlash from EU institutions on issues like the adoption of Hungary’s new Fundamental Law and later amendments, or around the passing of new media laws.
This year topic of the Valdai Discussion Club was around the theme of “The Polycentric World: Instructions for Use,” aimed to go beyond merely describing a multipolar world and instead explore how to live in and navigate it.
When Linz launched the Ars Electronica Festival in 1979, the city was searching for a new identity. Heavy industry was collapsing, the steel crisis hit hard, and local leaders needed an alternative vision. What began as a bold experiment - inviting pioneers of digital art and technology to Upper Austria - has since grown into a global ecosystem of media art, attracting universities, companies, NGOs, and thousands of visitors every year.
What does it mean to be a “Beauty with Brains”? It is a phrase we often used to describe women who defy long-standing stereotypes. For centuries, women were seen as weaker and given fewer opportunities.
Hungary and Italy, while both having presidential systems, have unique mechanism regarding a premature end of a presidential term. In both, the head of state has mainly ceremonial powers, but the expiry of their term is defined by strict constitutional and legal standards. This examination centers on the reasons, the procedure, and the legal effects of a resignation, underlining the structural congruence and the doctrinal inconsistencies between the two systems.
Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region of China, is in a unique geographical, demographic, and economic position. Despite its tropical climate with frequent storms, it has become one of the most densely populated cities in the world. It was a trading hub during the British colonial era and later evolved into a financial hub for Asia. But how does it handle storms?
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